01 Foundations

Why Nations Compete

Thucydides watched Athens and Sparta sleepwalk into war and wrote down why. Twenty-four centuries later, the logic hasn't changed. This track walks you from the oldest insight in international relations — that fear, honour, and interest drive states — through the security dilemma, the balance of power, and straight into the US-China standoff. You'll finish understanding not just that nations compete, but why they can't stop.

After seven articles, the phrase "great-power competition" will stop being a headline and start being a diagnosis you can apply yourself.

7 Articles
111 Minutes
0 Words
The reading order
  1. 11 min
    Thucydides
    An exiled Athenian general wrote the first analysis of power politics 2,400 years ago. His Athens-vs-Sparta account still frames how we see US vs. China.
  2. 20 min
    Realism
    From Thucydides to Mearsheimer: states pursue power in an anarchic world with no authority above them. The theory that still explains how nations behave.
  3. 9 min
    Security Dilemma
    When one state arms for defense, rivals see a threat and arm in response. The spiral mechanism that explains how wars erupt from fear, not ambition.
  4. 18 min
    Balance of Power
    No state can dominate without triggering a coalition against it. Four centuries of alliance-building, wars, and order-making driven by one principle.
  5. 11 min
    Thucydides Trap
    In 12 of 16 historical cases, a rising power challenging a ruling one ended in war. Graham Allison's framework asks: can the U.S. and China beat the odds?
  6. 23 min
    The Cold War
    Two superpowers with 70,000 nuclear warheads waged a four-decade global contest without firing a shot at each other. The world we inherited took shape.
  7. 19 min
    Great Power Competition
    The US, China, and Russia are locked in rivalry over who writes the rules of international order. How 21st-century great power competition actually works.